Greater Rangpur witnesses surge in mandarin, orange cultivation

Key points-

• Rangpur orchards shift to oranges, mandarins
• Production surges, farmers report strong profits
• Local fruits cheaper than costly imports
• DAE support fuels expansion, wider adoption

In the northern districts of Rangpur, Lalmonirhat, Kurigram, Gaibandha, and Nilphamari, orchards once dominated by mango, banana, and litchi are now increasingly filled with orange and mandarin trees. Green oranges and bright mandarins are becoming a common sight, signalling an agricultural shift that is boosting incomes for growers and offering cheaper fruits to local consumers.

According to local officials, the greater Rangpur region had only 40 mandarin and orange orchards a decade ago. Currently, it has about 240, accommodating roughly 240,000 trees of China, Darjeeling Mandarin, and Darjeeling Nagpuri varieties. Each tree produces 40 to 50 kilogrammes of fruit annually. After accounting for production costs, farmers earn around 60 percent profit.

The growth is striking compared with a decade ago. According to Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) data, in the fiscal year (FY) 2014-15, Rangpur, Gaibandha, and Nilphamari did not cultivate any mandarins or oranges. Kurigram and Lalmonirhat produced 16 tonnes of oranges and 10 tonnes of oranges. In the fiscal year 2022-23, the region produced 159 tonnes of mandarins on 18 hectares and 3,903 tonnes of oranges on 315 hectares.

Rangpur district alone produced 2,600 tonnes of orange on 130 hectares and 32 tonnes of mandarins on two hectares in FY23.

Enamul Haque, a grower from Ulipur upazila in Kurigram, planted 2,800 trees on eight acres eight years ago. "I sell orange at Tk 60-Tk 70 a kilogramme (kg) and mandarins at Tk 90-Tk 100 directly from my orchard," he said. "Traders come from distant places to buy the fruits."

Enamul spends around Tk 15-Tk 20 lakh annually on maintenance and labour but earns over Tk 1 crore in sales. He also grows ginger in sacks under the fruit trees for additional income.

In Lalmonirhat's Barakhata village, Khalilur Rahman has been cultivating mandarins for a decade. With 450 trees on five bighas of land, he now earns Tk 6 lakh-Tk 7 lakh every year. "I take care of my orchard myself, so costs are low. Mandarin farming has made me self-reliant," he said.

In Madhupur village under Kaunia upazila of Rangpur, Nagen Chandra Sen began commercial mandarin cultivation in 2019 with 150 trees. "I've already made a profit, and other farmers are showing interest," he said.

His neighbour, Monoranjan Sen, has planted orange and mandarin trees on three acres of land. "The trees have matured and will bear fruit next year," he said. "It takes a lot of capital to start an orchard. Many farmers want to try but can't afford the initial investment."

The boom has not only benefited growers but also consumers and traders.

At Rangpur's CO Bazar, fruit trader Sofiar Rahman said, "We buy mandarins at Tk 90-Tk 100 a kg and orange at Tk 60-Tk 70 from local orchards. After selling in retail, we make Tk 15-Tk 20 profit per kg. Since these fruits are cheaper than imported ones, demand is growing."

In the BDR Gate area of Lalmonirhat town, Arsad Hossain, another trader, said, "I make Tk 10-Tk 15 profit per kg. Because the prices are lower, sales have increased."

For consumers, the local produce offers relief from soaring fruit prices.

Haripada Roy, a schoolteacher from Rangpur city, said, "Imported mandarins cost Tk 250-Tk 300 a kg, while locally grown ones are available for Tk 100-Tk 130. The size is smaller, but the taste is almost the same."

Nazir Ali, a rickshaw-puller from Mahiganj, echoed the sentiment, saying, "If local fruits weren't available, we couldn't afford imported ones. Now we can finally buy mandarins and orange for our families."

Officials say the region's success story began with a few hobbyist farmers.

"Eight to ten years ago, commercial orange and mandarin cultivation in Rangpur was just a dream," said Sirajul Islam, additional director of the DAE's Rangpur regional office. "Some farmers planted trees in their homesteads and succeeded. Inspired by them, many others have now set up commercial orchards."

He added that the DAE is offering training and technical assistance to farmers to improve fruit quality and expand production.

About 70 percent of the locally produced orange and mandarins are sold within the region, with the remaining 30 percent sent to other parts of the country.

While Rangpur is witnessing growth in both orange and mandarin cultivation, at the national level, orange production has fallen over the same period. However, orange has gained immense popularity across the country.

In FY15, Bangladesh produced 39,046 tonnes of mandarins on 4,154 hectares and 3,916 tonnes of orange on 555 hectares. By FY23, mandarin production had declined to 21,303 tonnes on 2,633 hectares, while orange production surged to 69,981 tonnes on 6,921 hectares.

Outside Rangpur, Rangamati produced 12,326 tonnes of orange on 1,262 hectares and 14,801 tonnes of mandarins on 1,566 hectares, with Bandarban leading cultivation in both categories. Barishal also produced 10,879 tonnes of orange in FY23.