When sodium levels go wrong

Sodium is one of the body’s most important electrolytes. It helps maintain fluid balance, nerve signalling, muscle movement and normal heart rhythm. However, both too little and too much sodium in the blood can cause serious health problems.

A low sodium level is called hyponatraemia. It may occur when the body loses both salt and water, such as during severe diarrhoea, vomiting or excessive sweating. When sodium falls too low, water may move into brain cells, causing them to swell. This can lead to nausea, headache, confusion, drowsiness and, in severe cases, seizures.

Treatment depends on the cause and severity. Doctors may prescribe intravenous normal saline or other medical treatment, particularly if symptoms are severe. Patients should not try to correct sodium levels on their own, as rapid correction can also be dangerous.

High sodium level, or hypernatraemia, usually occurs when the body loses too much water or takes in excessive salt. It may cause intense thirst, restlessness, weakness, muscle twitching, confusion and, if untreated, serious brain complications. People with these symptoms should seek urgent medical advice.

Maintaining normal sodium levels, usually between 135 and 145 mEq/L, depends on proper hydration, a balanced diet and timely treatment of illnesses causing fluid loss. Packaged soups, canned foods, processed snacks and salty ready-made foods should be limited, as they often contain high amounts of salt.

Electrolyte imbalance should never be ignored. Early recognition and treatment can prevent life-threatening complications.

The article is compiled by Jannatun Nayma. E-mail: keyamahashina1985@gmail.com