The 81-year-old Abdullah, sticking to tradition, immediately appointed his half brother, Defence Minister Prince Sultan, 77, as his crown prince and successor.s

The choice of Sultan is a sign that deep-rooted reform which diplomats and analysts say is the only way the ruling Al Saud dynasty can ensure its survival has been placed on the back burner as Abdullah pursues change at his own pace.

Sultan like Abdullah, Fahd and all the 42 sons of Saudi Arabia's founder, Abdul-Aziz had only a rudimentary education in the era before oil wealth flooded the kingdom. Sultan is likely to appease the religious establishment, which gives the monarchy its legitimacy, rather than continue to reform its institutions.

The newer generation grew up in riches, with greater technology and contact with the West typified by Sultan's son, Prince Bandar, who was Saudi Arabia's urbane ambassador to the United States until he stepped down to return home two weeks ago.

Saudi Arabia faces the challenges of liberalising its ailing economy and satisfying many Saudis' desire for greater freedom and more say in politics.